Introduction to Advanced Topics

The Advanced Topics pages offer in-depth analysis of parallelism. Here you will find intuitive explanations accompanied by detailed drawings and descriptions, all of which illustrate the physics and math of parallelism. There are three main articles in this section.

Two Viewpoints about Parallelism – A discussion of how parallelism affects the process of making photographic copies and enlargements.

Fundamentals of Alignment Patterns – An in-depth discussion of the power of alignment patterns made from repeated images for checking parallelism.

Accuracy is not the same as Precision – A discussion of the difference between accuracy and precision, and how these measures relate to zig-align modules.

The bottom "lign" – The grand (but short) conclusion.

Printing

Of course you can print any web page you want. However, you have the option of printing an easier-to-use information-mapped version of Advanced Topics. Just click here to download its PDF (Portable Document Format) file. In order to view and print the PDF document, you need Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is available free from Adobe.